Optimal. Leaf size=154 \[ \frac {\sqrt {c} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2}{\sqrt {b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^2-4 a c} \sqrt {b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}-\frac {\sqrt {c} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2}{\sqrt {b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^2-4 a c} \sqrt {b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}} \]
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Rubi [A]
time = 0.08, antiderivative size = 154, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps
used = 4, number of rules used = 3, integrand size = 16, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.188, Rules used = {1373, 1107,
211} \begin {gather*} \frac {\sqrt {c} \text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2}{\sqrt {b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^2-4 a c} \sqrt {b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}-\frac {\sqrt {c} \text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2}{\sqrt {\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}+b}}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^2-4 a c} \sqrt {\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}+b}} \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Rule 211
Rule 1107
Rule 1373
Rubi steps
\begin {align*} \int \frac {x}{a+b x^4+c x^8} \, dx &=\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{a+b x^2+c x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=\frac {c \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\frac {b}{2}-\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {b^2-4 a c}+c x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{2 \sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}-\frac {c \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {b^2-4 a c}+c x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{2 \sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\\ &=\frac {\sqrt {c} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2}{\sqrt {b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^2-4 a c} \sqrt {b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}-\frac {\sqrt {c} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2}{\sqrt {b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^2-4 a c} \sqrt {b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\\ \end {align*}
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Mathematica [A]
time = 0.05, size = 133, normalized size = 0.86 \begin {gather*} \frac {\sqrt {c} \left (\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2}{\sqrt {b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{\sqrt {b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2}{\sqrt {b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{\sqrt {b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^2-4 a c}} \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Maple [A]
time = 0.04, size = 121, normalized size = 0.79
method | result | size |
risch | \(\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\RootOf \left (\left (16 a^{3} c^{2}-8 a^{2} b^{2} c +b^{4} a \right ) \textit {\_Z}^{4}+\left (-4 a b c +b^{3}\right ) \textit {\_Z}^{2}+c \right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left (\left (\left (4 a b c -b^{3}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{2}-c \right ) x^{2}+\left (4 a^{2} b c -a \,b^{3}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{3}-2 a c \textit {\_R} \right )\right )}{4}\) | \(99\) |
default | \(2 c \left (-\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \arctanh \left (\frac {c \,x^{2} \sqrt {2}}{\sqrt {\left (-b +\sqrt {-4 a c +b^{2}}\right ) c}}\right )}{4 \sqrt {-4 a c +b^{2}}\, \sqrt {\left (-b +\sqrt {-4 a c +b^{2}}\right ) c}}-\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \arctan \left (\frac {c \,x^{2} \sqrt {2}}{\sqrt {\left (b +\sqrt {-4 a c +b^{2}}\right ) c}}\right )}{4 \sqrt {-4 a c +b^{2}}\, \sqrt {\left (b +\sqrt {-4 a c +b^{2}}\right ) c}}\right )\) | \(121\) |
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Maxima [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {Failed to integrate} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Fricas [B] Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 619 vs.
\(2 (119) = 238\).
time = 0.41, size = 619, normalized size = 4.02 \begin {gather*} -\frac {1}{4} \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}} \sqrt {-\frac {b + \frac {a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}}{a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}} \log \left (c x^{2} + \frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}} {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c - \frac {a b^{3} - 4 \, a^{2} b c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}\right )} \sqrt {-\frac {b + \frac {a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}}{a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}}\right ) + \frac {1}{4} \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}} \sqrt {-\frac {b + \frac {a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}}{a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}} \log \left (c x^{2} - \frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}} {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c - \frac {a b^{3} - 4 \, a^{2} b c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}\right )} \sqrt {-\frac {b + \frac {a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}}{a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}}\right ) - \frac {1}{4} \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}} \sqrt {-\frac {b - \frac {a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}}{a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}} \log \left (c x^{2} + \frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}} {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c + \frac {a b^{3} - 4 \, a^{2} b c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}\right )} \sqrt {-\frac {b - \frac {a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}}{a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}}\right ) + \frac {1}{4} \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}} \sqrt {-\frac {b - \frac {a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}}{a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}} \log \left (c x^{2} - \frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}} {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c + \frac {a b^{3} - 4 \, a^{2} b c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}\right )} \sqrt {-\frac {b - \frac {a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}{\sqrt {a^{2} b^{2} - 4 \, a^{3} c}}}{a b^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c}}\right ) \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Sympy [A]
time = 2.51, size = 88, normalized size = 0.57 \begin {gather*} \operatorname {RootSum} {\left (t^{4} \cdot \left (4096 a^{3} c^{2} - 2048 a^{2} b^{2} c + 256 a b^{4}\right ) + t^{2} \left (- 64 a b c + 16 b^{3}\right ) + c, \left ( t \mapsto t \log {\left (x^{2} + \frac {256 t^{3} a^{2} b c - 64 t^{3} a b^{3} + 8 t a c - 4 t b^{2}}{c} \right )} \right )\right )} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Giac [B] Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 1030 vs.
\(2 (119) = 238\).
time = 7.42, size = 1030, normalized size = 6.69 \begin {gather*} \frac {{\left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b^{4} - 8 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} a b^{2} c - 2 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b^{3} c - 2 \, b^{4} c + 16 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} a^{2} c^{2} + 8 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} a b c^{2} + \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b^{2} c^{2} + 16 \, a b^{2} c^{2} + 2 \, b^{3} c^{2} - 4 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} a c^{3} - 32 \, a^{2} c^{3} - 8 \, a b c^{3} - \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b^{3} + 4 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} a b c + 2 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b^{2} c - \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} \sqrt {b c + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b c^{2} + 2 \, {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c\right )} b^{2} c - 8 \, {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c\right )} a c^{2} - 2 \, {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c\right )} b c^{2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac {2 \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}} x^{2}}{\sqrt {\frac {b + \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c}}{c}}}\right )}{8 \, {\left (a b^{4} - 8 \, a^{2} b^{2} c - 2 \, a b^{3} c + 16 \, a^{3} c^{2} + 8 \, a^{2} b c^{2} + a b^{2} c^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c^{3}\right )} {\left | c \right |}} + \frac {{\left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b^{4} - 8 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} a b^{2} c - 2 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b^{3} c + 2 \, b^{4} c + 16 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} a^{2} c^{2} + 8 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} a b c^{2} + \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b^{2} c^{2} - 16 \, a b^{2} c^{2} - 2 \, b^{3} c^{2} - 4 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} a c^{3} + 32 \, a^{2} c^{3} + 8 \, a b c^{3} + \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b^{3} - 4 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} a b c - 2 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b^{2} c + \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} \sqrt {b c - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} c} b c^{2} - 2 \, {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c\right )} b^{2} c + 8 \, {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c\right )} a c^{2} + 2 \, {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c\right )} b c^{2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac {2 \, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}} x^{2}}{\sqrt {\frac {b - \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c}}{c}}}\right )}{8 \, {\left (a b^{4} - 8 \, a^{2} b^{2} c - 2 \, a b^{3} c + 16 \, a^{3} c^{2} + 8 \, a^{2} b c^{2} + a b^{2} c^{2} - 4 \, a^{2} c^{3}\right )} {\left | c \right |}} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Mupad [B]
time = 2.27, size = 1105, normalized size = 7.18 \begin {gather*} \mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {b^4\,x^2\,1{}\mathrm {i}+b\,x^2\,\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}\,1{}\mathrm {i}+a^2\,c^2\,x^2\,8{}\mathrm {i}-a\,b^2\,c\,x^2\,6{}\mathrm {i}}{128\,a^2\,b^5\,{\left (-\frac {b^3+\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}\right )}^{3/2}-64\,a^3\,c^2\,\sqrt {-\frac {b^3+\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}}+16\,a^2\,b^2\,c\,\sqrt {-\frac {b^3+\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}}-1024\,a^3\,b^3\,c\,{\left (-\frac {b^3+\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}\right )}^{3/2}+2048\,a^4\,b\,c^2\,{\left (-\frac {b^3+\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}\right )}^{3/2}}\right )\,\sqrt {-\frac {b^3+\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}}\,2{}\mathrm {i}+\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {b^4\,x^2\,1{}\mathrm {i}-b\,x^2\,\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}\,1{}\mathrm {i}+a^2\,c^2\,x^2\,8{}\mathrm {i}-a\,b^2\,c\,x^2\,6{}\mathrm {i}}{128\,a^2\,b^5\,{\left (\frac {\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-b^3+4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}\right )}^{3/2}-64\,a^3\,c^2\,\sqrt {\frac {\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-b^3+4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}}+16\,a^2\,b^2\,c\,\sqrt {\frac {\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-b^3+4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}}-1024\,a^3\,b^3\,c\,{\left (\frac {\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-b^3+4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}\right )}^{3/2}+2048\,a^4\,b\,c^2\,{\left (\frac {\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-b^3+4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}\right )}^{3/2}}\right )\,\sqrt {\frac {\sqrt {-64\,a^3\,c^3+48\,a^2\,b^2\,c^2-12\,a\,b^4\,c+b^6}-b^3+4\,a\,b\,c}{512\,a^3\,c^2-256\,a^2\,b^2\,c+32\,a\,b^4}}\,2{}\mathrm {i} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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